Codification of Law in India

Codification of Law in India Douglas C. North in his book Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance discusses the significance of foundations, and how these establishments impact monetary execution. Establishments incorporate both casual rulesâ [1]â like code of behaviors, conventions and customs and formal guidelines like constitution, laws and property rightsâ [2]â . Individuals for the most part focus just to the conventional guidelines that exist in the general public and the casual standards dont get the consideration and significance that they ought to get. The British in India did likewise. In any case, North contends that these casual standards are likewise significant and they shape the fate of the economy. Organizations as characterized by North are humanly concocted requirements that structure financial, social and political interaction.â [3]â Passage of British in India At the point when the British came to India in 1600s they saw a general public which was not administered by any proper laws like the Bible (which was viewed as a perfect wellspring of intensity, law and rules for them) which represented the English; however a heterogeneous society where each individual followed their own custom and convention which were changed. There was no consistency in the practices that were trailed by the individuals. The idea of formal law like being represented by a uniform arrangement of law or a constitution was an outsider idea to the Indians. Kautilya in Arthashastra perceives presence of four wellsprings of law which are dharma (sacred writings), vyavahara (common understanding), charitra (neighborhood custom) and rajashasana (state decree). [4] Kautilya says that these were in climbing request and that the state request won over all the sacred texts and standard practices, when a contention would emerge. So also even Ashoka and Akbar created laws w hich were to be trailed by the subjects yet they never commanded the individuals to keep these laws except if their traditions were such in order to prompt shared disharmony. In this manner, we see that the Indians had total opportunity to rehearse any standard, practice, custom and so on that they satisfied as long as amicability was kept up. At the point when the British remained here as merchants they didn't meddle into these neighborhood customs and rehearses and were least worried about it. At the point when they went to the sub-landmass the political force was frail as the intensity of the Mughal Empire in the inside was devastating, in this manner making it simpler for the British to increase political control and make a solid a dependable balance in India. The English gained the focal control however their matchless quality would possibly be perceived by the individuals on the off chance that they would resolve questions, which urged the British to create legal framework in India. The law gave the British nothing not exactly an extensive belief system through which to rule.â [5]â The belief system which was utilized by the British was as Edward Said discusses in his way breaking book Orientalism. [6] They caused the Indians to accept that they were savage, unrefined, in obscurity and in reverse and it was their (British) obligation to make the Indians humanized, current, and dynamic and bring them edification. There was social authority which existed and the British accepted that they could improve the Indian circumstance. The picture of the pitiless and eccentric locals who required Christian salvation was intentionally developed by the Evangelists.â [7]â Casual Institutions in early India and way reliance At first the British took a stab at directing the practices, standards, culture and conventions that were predominant in the Indian culture, yet as there was absence of consistency as everybody followed various traditions and customs the British saw the organization as troublesome. James Mill and Thomas Babington Macaulay needed to systematize the laws in India and needed to lead an investigation and perceive how classified laws functioned. They needed to make the laws dependent on the head of utilitarianism and needed a code which was symmetric in all partsâ [8]â and which would get consistency. Accordingly, started Indias move from a casual organization where connections between parties depended on normal practices and customs to formal establishments like arranged laws. The locals in India for quite a long time had been following their own neighborhood customs and usages. [9] The Indians had been going on a way where they were not ordered to adhere to a specific law or text and were allowed to pick the standard or custom that they needed to follow. Since there were no limitations on them the Indians had total opportunity. The Indians had been on this way for quite a while and along these lines there was way dependency. [10] This implies that since the Indians had been crossing this way for quite a while taking an elective way would be troublesome and there would be a significant expense for changing the way. Another meaning of way reliance is what expresses that history matters and this influences the potential results in future. [11] The change in way in future becomes troublesome on account of the expanding returns or constructive feedbackâ [12]â that is gotten in light of the fact that it has been being followed for an extensive str etch of time by enormous number of individuals. With the possibility of the British to acquire formal principles and to arrange laws there was a move in the organization from casual to formal. Move in the criminal circle was not troublesome as criminal law was all inclusive and was to be applied all around on everybody. Warren Hastings concurred with this codification, yet questioned the codification of the individual laws of the Indians as he knew it was risky and needed to avoid it. [13] Since the British couldn't force their ideology [14] Hastings concluded that there would be Indian authorities like pandits and maulvis who might enable the English adjudicators to take choice. Since, the English appointed authorities were uninformed of the Indian statute, this assistance by the authorities was basic for them to settle on cases. Reasons prompting shift in organization from casual to formal The court needed explicit answers for complex issues. The colonizers didn't pay any significance to the current assorted variety and would pose inquiries of general principle and the pandits would answer keeping dharma in mind. [15] The answers which the British got were never couple with the inquiries posed, as the pandits and maulvis had never confronted such a circumstance and the appropriate responses contrasted from one pandit to the next; and these answers were then acknowledged as general standard of law and were forced upon the individuals. Diverse pandits reached various resolutions in any event, when the conditions were same since they would allude to various writings or sacred texts as there was finished opportunity to pick the custom that individuals needed to. For instance if an Englishman would request that how transform into a Hindu, the strategy or the method told by various pandits would be diverse as there was nobody specific method of doing it. In this manner, there was no consistency. The pandits in India were not an association like the Pope of the congregation. The pandits didn't meddle in the political circle by any means; dissimilar to the congregation where the Pope would coronate the King and afterward just might he be able to run the show. There were changed traditions overarching and each pandit would decipher the content in an alternate manner as there was no single translation like there was of the Bible. An all around prepared pandit would be in a situation to refer to various versus on specific themes or just those that made a specific point valuable to a particular situation or to be sure he may communicate his own supposition on the matterâ [16]â but these contrasted significantly from one another. The traditions would change all around and the British were astounded at this divergent presence of customs. In this way, there was no consistency and conviction in the choices given by the pandits and the maulvis. This prompted a question of them by the British and thus they chose to classify the law. Another purpose behind codification of the laws were that they accepted that there was mainstream interest for such changes; and the well known interest as per them comprised of gathering of world class Hindus who were a piece of the British authoritative structure itself.â [17]â Associations going about as change operators North in his book likewise discusses the presence of associations which are gathering of people headed together for reason to accomplish objectivesâ [18]â and are made to exploit the opportunitiesâ [19]â that the current establishment gives them and afterward either work inside the current foundations or change and adjust the current foundations, contingent upon the target to be accomplished; and subsequently the associations which are made out of the current decision set go about as significant specialists of institutional change.â [20]â At the point when the British understood that organization in India was troublesome on account of the non-presence of a specific law they at long last made the strong stride of classifying the individual laws also. Hastings had needed to avoid individual laws as he understood that marriage in India was attached to religion and they had chosen remaining impartial towards the local strict undertakings and furthermore on the grounds that they believed that there impedance may prompt shared violence. [21] But the help of the pandits and maulvis was presently taken a gander at with doubt and consequently, Hastings chose 11 pandits to arrange laws which would then be trailed by everybody. The pandits thought of Vivadarnavasetu which truly implies a scaffold on the expanse of questions was the first Sanskrit form. Later on these were interpreted in English (with which additionally there were issues which will be managed ahead) under the name of A Code of Gentoo Laws. The importance was completely changed and words like code and law which were never a piece of the first content were currently legitimized. [22] Then again William Jones selected Jagannath Tarkapanchanan, the incredible researcher on all parts of the

Gender Equality Essay

Regardless of the nation and the way of life individuals live in, it is close to difficult to keep the subject of sexual orientation equity covered up in the advanced society. At the point when the word sexual orientation uniformity was voiced in the nineteenth century what was been looked for was political rights. Then as well as today imbalance among people has been apparent in our general public. Victimization ladies is a demonstration that has had a ton of negative effect in our general public and to the ladies themselves. This has been exhibited through sexual orientation savagery, monetary separation, regenerative wellbeing disparities and destructive conventional practices. It is a worry to the entire world to a state of making the governmental policy regarding minorities in society to fix this issue. Sexual orientation correspondence above all else is a human right; ladies are qualified for live in nobility and in opportunity from dread and need (Tomasevski, 1993). Should people be equivalent in the cutting edge society? People are equivalent; just that ladies are casualties of degenerate social advancement. Sexual orientation segregation among people prompts inconsistent access to the assets and advantages of improvement. see more:gender separation short exposition Sex imbalance influences all individuals; manageable gains being developed and destitution decrease are just conceivable when people are full and equivalent members in the public eye. People are unique yet they are equivalent in that whatever men can do their ladies partners can do it well. People are equivalent what brings the segregation is the socialization that people get. The idea that ladies are powerless has denied numerous ladies with the capacity to misuse the capacities they have (Tierney, 2007). People are equivalent in such a large number of angles and ought to be equivalent. Strategically, monetarily and scholastically no much distinction that can be noted, it is immaterial. In the political domains there are ladies who are doing extemporal well. Taking the case of the simply finished up US political race Hillary Clinton had great help and movements that would be purchased by the remainder of the applicants. In the realm of business we have Oprah Winfrey; a pointer of what ladies can do. She is contending among the men in that field and still her prosperity is a danger to many. In the cutting edge society ladies have been known to take obligations of raising the families. Ladies have come up so well in that their reliance level is going down despite the fact that they are segregated in compensations. This is a proof enough that if ladies are given equivalent open door with men they can do a lot of well. In the work division ladies are accepting those open doors which were believed to be for men (Kramarae and Spender, 2000). Ladies are administrators of enormous organizations and furthermore proprietors similarly as men. They are additionally all around spoke to in the administration segments and in the legislature. They have become profession producers. Men have the activity of sharing the family unit duties. It is a typical event that couples can pick whether it is the lady or the man who will get a leave to deal with their new borne infant. People are equivalent according to the law; they are oppressed under a similar law. Ladies are equivalent to men in all perspectives thus in the cutting edge society they ought to get the privilege to essential needs, instruction, work preparing and work as men do. Engaging ladies is an incredible apparatus for lessening neediness and propelling turn of events. Engaged ladies add to profitability and wellbeing in the families and networks and henceforth improved possibilities for the people to come (Cross, 2001). The possibility that men are more grounded genuinely is only an inclination of a couple. In the event that ladies are given comparative open doors as men they can perform similarly well. Disavowal of chance has added to diminished execution of ladies in different zones. Then again the two ladies and men ought not overlook their jobs however sharing of duties is flourishing in the cutting edge society. References: Cross, P. L. (2001): Women’s Rights are Human Rights; Human Rights are Women’s Rights. Recovered on 29th Dec, 2008 from: http://www. pinn. net/~sunshine/articles/w_rights. html Kramarae, C. , Spender D, (2000): Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women’s Issues and Knowledge. ISBN 0415920906, 9780415920902, Routledge Tierney, J. (2007): Men and Women, Different yet Equal: What’s the Problem? Recovered on 29th Dec, 2008 from: http://tierneylab. web journals. nytimes. com/2007/09/09/people unique yet equivalent whats-the-issue/Tomasevski, K. , (1993). Ladies and Human Rights. ISBN 185649120X, 9781856491204, Zed Books

5 Things You Never Knew About E-mail Closings

5 Things You Never Knew About E-mail Closings You have worked tirelessly to craft the perfect e-mail. Youve gone over your carefully selected words to perfect the body of your message. Now that you have every word in its proper place, its time to end the body of your e-mail properly and choose the perfect sign-off or closing. The last statements in your message should be crafted carefully so that they inspire the recipient to act (which means following up with your message). An e-mail closing is simply a brief phrase followed by your signature, but it is trickier than it sounds. Although this might sound simple, picking the perfect ending is very important to ensure that your message is well-received and understood.The closing statements you choose should match the tone and purpose of your message. Be sure to consider the context of the e-mail so that your ending is just right for your specific situation. If you are sending an e-mail message to a client or for a potential job, you want to make sure that you are not being too inf ormal and that you sound professional. It could be the difference that helps you to land that dream job.However, if you are sending a message to a friend or family member, you can be less formal and more casual. In this case, you can feel free to choose a friendlier, less professional option. Once youve chosen the perfect closing, dont forget to format it properly. Be sure to include your name and contact information, formatted in the proper way. Having the right closing statements, an appropriate e-mail ending, and relevant contact information can leave the recipient with the perfect impression of you.First impressions count, which is why having the right e-mail ending, especially in business writing, could make a big difference. Photo by rawpixel.com from Pexels.1. The end of your message should inspire the reader to act.Once you have finished the main body of your message, you should include a statement that will make the receiver of your message feel compelled to get back with y ou. If it is effective, it will inspire them to respond to your message right away. Here are some great examples:I look forward to speaking with you about this exciting opportunity very soon.Feel free to contact me should you have any questions or concerns.These statements show that you are enthusiastic and that you expect to hear back from the recipient at their earliest convenience. It shows confidence that will ensure that you receive a timely response to your message.2. You should use specific sign-offs for formal business e-mailsThese sign-offs are for situations that call for a more formal approach, including e-mails for potential employers as well as e-mails directed towards current employers or managers. These endings emphasize professionalism and will show the recipient that you understand business protocol. In other words, it will show the receiver that you mean business.SincerelyThis one is tried and true for formal situations. If you are including a cover letter along wi th your e-mail (which is always a good idea), this is the perfect way to end your letter and convey an air of professionalism. If your e-mail is of a more friendly, less formal nature, sincerely may appear too impersonal, despite what is implied with the word.Best wishesThis ending blends the formal with a friendly vibe. When choosing this sign-off for a business-related e-mail, makes sure that it matches the feeling of the rest of your message. Depending on the content of your e-mail, it could appear too informal.RegardsThis ending is always a safe bet for professional situations. Although it may seem a little boring or uninspired, it is tried and true and wont take the recipient of your e-mail by surprise.RespectfullyThis statement is perhaps the most formal of all. Reserve this one for situations in which you have not met the recipient, such as someone that you are messaging about a job offer.Yours trulyThis sign-off may be the most formal of all of these suggestions, but it is p erfectly acceptable. Consider this one if your e-mail message has more of a formal tone.3. Use specific sign-offs for friendly business situationsThe following endings are still appropriate for business colleagues, but less formal. These would be appropriate for less serious business-related matters and for colleagues with whom you have already developed a friendly relationship. They would not be the best choice for a possible employer or boss.BestThis one is used very widely used and accepted for less formal business e-mails. It conveys friendliness in a succinct way. However, if you want your message to stand out, it may seem too safe and ordinary.Thank youThis is a safe bet that conveys a feeling of gratitude towards the recipient of the e-mail. One downside is that it may not stand out as much as other endings. However, this example is often cited as one of the most effective. As with other sign-offs, make sure that it matches the tone and feeling of the rest of your message.Che ersThis is a very popular sign-off, especially in Europe, where is it is more common. It can appear too pretentious or informal in certain situations. However, it may work perfectly if your e-mail is a friendly correspondence with a business colleague.WarmlyA closing statement such as this is appropriate for friendly business situations. It is a good one to use if you are inviting a colleague to an event or expressing sympathy.4. Choose less formal sign-offs for friends and family.With e-mails sent to friends and family, you can be a lot less formal. You may choose endings that seem a bit more personal and even show affection towards the recipient. They are not appropriate for any business-related message. One can only imagine what impression it could make if you send a colleague or future employer a closing statement such as always or love.Take CareThis is a great ending that works for both friends or family and expresses concern for the receivers well being. However, it is a bit t oo casual for business situations.LoveReserve this ending for close family, friends or your spouse. This should never be used in any professional context.AlwaysThis ending may seem a little vague, but it is a good one to use if you are trying to show support for a friend or a loved one.5. Be sure to use the proper format for your closing and provide contact information.Using the proper format conveys a professionalism and seriousness that will help create a good impression for the receiver of your message. Your name and contact information is a crucial part of your e-mail ending. Without including it, it will be more difficult for the recipient to get back with you. It is important to make it easy for them to respond to the message.Including a call to action and pertinent contact information in the closing of your e-mail encourages the recipient to respond quickly. Photo by rawpixel.com from Pexels.Here is a good example of a properly formatted ending, with the final sentences, clos ing statements and contact information including the senders name, company, phone number, and e-mail address:Winterwolf Press sounds like the perfect place to work. I am excited about the opportunity to discuss this position with you very soon [call to action].Sincerely,John P. ExamplePenguin Books Representative901-456-9021johnpexample@gmail.comThis example includes a final statement in its body that should inspire the receiver to act and answer the message. It includes a sign-off statement that is appropriate for the context of the message (formal business). In addition, it contains crucial contact information, including the senders name, the company the person works for (if applicable), the phone number, and a return e-mail address. Including this information will make it very easy for the receiver to get back in touch with you.Ending the perfect e-mail may sound easy, but it takes a bit more planning and preparation than many people realize. It could make all of the difference a s far as leaving the receiver of your message with the proper impression of you. Ending the body of your message with a call to action will help inspire a quicker response to your message.Choosing the perfect sign-off or closing statements will depend on the context of the message. Be sure to choose the proper statements for formal business situations, casual business situations, or casual situations including messages directed towards a loved one, family, and friends. Even small details such as the closing statement can be the difference between landing the perfect job and having your e-mail ignored or passed over.Once you have chosen the perfect closing statement, make sure that it is properly formatted. Be sure to include contact information such as your name, company name, phone number and e-mail address to make it easy for the recipient to contact you. If you follow these guidelines, you are certainly more likely to get the response that you desire. Little things such as a prop erly crafted e-mail closing can make a big difference if you want to make the right impression.

Film Analysis Of The Fall - 1390 Words

Relationships are an important component in a protagonist s life as well as conveying a film s overall message and narrative. â€Å"The Fall† a 2006 film directed by Tarsem Singh, focuses on the life of a paralysed stuntman- Roy Walker who is bedridden in a hospital, where he meets a young romanian patient-Alexandria. The relationship that develops between Roy and Alexandria is significant to this film, as we are able to understand how Roy matures as his affection grows for Alexandria. A significant scene that displays Roy’s and Alexandria s relationship develop is when Roy first narrates a fantasy tale for Alexandria about five heroes. The Tale’s development in a sense gives us insight on Roy’s character, and how his relationship with†¦show more content†¦Singh uses Roy’s and Alexandria’s relationship has a foundation to emphasise his internal conflict and mental state. We are shown that the boundary between Roy s life and the story is never really separated. Similarly one s physical and mental state are never truly separated from one another. Roy is a prime example in showing how imbalanced life can be if we don’t have a proper mind and body connection and how a person’s mental state can affect their overall health. Another important scene in â€Å"The Fall† which helps to deepen our understanding of Roy through his relationship with Alexandria, is when Alexandria falls while retrieving Roy’s morphine pills. Singh uses special effects in this scene by combining various images of things breaking, falling apart and being destroyed to dramatize Alexandria’s fall and the possible effect it has on Roy. This is can be shown through the portrayal of limbs breaking, especially legs- in a sense signifying Roy’s paralysis. The relationship Roy has with Alexandria can be seen as a wake up call for Roy, as he feels he has broken something innocent. Before we are shown Alexandria awaken after her fall. We hear a doctor indistinctly talking to Roy-â€Å" that is your responsibility and this is how you treat it. To get better, you gotta have the will and your own desire to live.†Show MoreRelatedFilm Analysis : The Fall Of Berlin976 Words   |  4 PagesMovies created in Sovi et Russia were prominently used as a tool for propaganda, â€Å"The Fall of Berlin,† used contrast to idealize Soviet Russia by downplaying Germany and Hitler. â€Å"The Fall of Berlin† was released in 1950, right after World War II ended. The film is Soviet propaganda that was thought to insure faith within the Russian population, as Stalin wanted Soviet Russia to believe in him. 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Jean Jacques Rousseau And Mary Wollstonecraft - 1201 Words

The Age of Enlightenment began in the late 17th century and had some key ideas developed by education innovators that changed the way that society views children and education. Many of these ideas stem from the revolutionary work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Mary Wollstonecraft. This essay will discuss the main ideas from their work and also how it is reflected in other work during the Age of Enlightenment for educationalists such as Johann Pestalozzi and Robert Owen. The final aspect of this essay will discuss how these ideas are reflected in early New Zealand education and the system. Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s ideas about children and education were both admired and criticised widely. He was â€Å"regarded as a foundational thinker on education† (May, 2013, p.32). Ideas of his that were praised and inspired other people’s work included encouraging infants to be unrestricted and roam free in the environment. During the time of Rousseau’s work, children were swaddled to prevent bones and muscles from becoming deformed. Rousseau believed that it would be beneficial for children to have some freedom and interact with the surroundings of the environment. This is thought to be extremely beneficial for their learning and development. Rousseau also had a view that male education should be superior to female education. He believed that females should be educated to become good mothers and wives. Females should be supported by their husbands. These skills would be taught to them by theirShow MoreRelatedMary Wollstonecraft vs. Jean Jaques Rousseau E ssay1044 Words   |  5 Pagesenlightenment authors, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Mary Wollstonecraft, took part in a debate in which they argued about the purpose and education of women. In an article recently written in The New York Times by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, the impact of the Enlightenment authors’ work on the 21st century is described. Though both of the authors expressed their arguments well, Mary Wollstonecraft’s debate was overall more persuasive and convincing than that of Jean Jacques Rousseau’s, and herRead MoreThe Scientific Revolution And The Enlightenment1528 Words   |  7 Pagesby the light of Science. Out of the Enlightenment come two very different philosophers. Mary Wollstonecraft and Jean-Jacques Rousseau had two very different ideas regarding the rights and opportunities of both men and women. While both argued that society oppressed human kind, Wollstonecraft argued that men were oppressing women while Rousseau felt that women exist in order to serve man. Mary Wollstonecraft believed that in order to keep society from becoming materialistic and oppressive, childrenRead MoreIntellectual Developments Pertaining to Gender in Japan and Europe765 Words   |  4 Pagessociety as tools to make the lives of men better. In the words of Rousseau â€Å"the education of women should always be relative to men. 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The argument against the abolishment of slavery was that it wouldRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Woman Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pagesthe name of Mary Wollstonecraft. In her book, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Wollstonecraft preaches her belief that the oppression of women is largely due to lack of female education. Although the term feminism wasn’t coined until decades later, Wollstonecraft paved the way for future women’s rights movements by advocating equality in education for women. She believed men and women should be equal in the very basic aspects of life, such as in loyalty in marriage. Wollstonecraft openly calledRead MoreAnalysis of Vindication of the Rights for Women by Mary Wollstonecraft 787 Words   |  4 Pagesfor Women by Mary Wollstonecraft was published in 1792, during the French Revolution. Wollstonecraft preached that intellect will always govern to persuade women not to endeavor to acquire knowledge but convince them that the soft phrases, acceptability of heart, delicacy of sentiment, and refinement of taste, are most preferred. By intellect, I mean the men because they were the ones that were allowed to get an education therefore allowing them to become intellectual. Wollstonecraft cleverly doesRead MoreThe Romantic Period Of Jean Jacques Rousseau1915 Words   |  8 Pagesduring the Eighteenth Century, influential ideologies, portrayed in literature, from religion to nature, to childhood and education began to shape people’s perception and thinking on such matters. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a contemporary, and is considered one of the earliest prominent voices in Nineteenth-Century Romanticism. The Romantic period marked the gradual but significant shift from the rational thinking of the Eighteenth-Century Enlightenment to a more emotional and individual thinkingRead MoreWomen’s Inequality in Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women Rousseau’s On the Origin of Inequality1008 Words   |  4 PagesBoth Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Mary Wollstonecraft agree that in society women and men are not equals. Rousseau’s idea that socialization brings inequality in his Discourse On the Origin of Inequality is manipulated by Wollstonecraft in her A Vindication of the Rights of Women. She uses his arguments to prove that the inequality between men and women is not natural, but it comes from Rousseau’s idea of socialized inequality. The inequality experienced by women is a product of society, which WollstonecraftRead MoreThe Intersection Of Modernity And Gender1601 Words   |  7 Pagesmultidimensional. It does not have to prescribe to a socially acceptable norms. Mode rnity though the gender movements is explored though the works of Baudelaire s Flowers of Evil†, Marry Wollstonecraft’s â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Women†, Rousseau s The Social Contract â€Å", Virginia Woolf’s â€Å"A Room of One s Own†, and Goethe s Sorrows of Young Werther† which present the breakdown the rigid gender roles the challenges everyone faces for perspective lifestyles. Charles Baudelaire, a frenchRead MoreWomen in the Enlightenment Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesThe Enlightenment allowed a period of educational growth to begin. A new love for knowledge and debate sprung up throughout the century. Women joined in with the intellectual banter by starting salons. â€Å"If Voltaire transformed the thoughts, and Rousseau the feelings, of the eighteenth century, it was the salons of Paris that the new conceptions of ‘reason’ and ‘nature,’ of ‘free thought’ and the importance of the individual, were sifted, codified, and eventually imposed.† Women played a central

Childhood Obesity In United States Education Essay Free Essays

The coveted subject of pick is childhood fleshiness in United States. Obesity has become a major factor with the immature coevals and continues to turn. Childhood fleshiness needs to be solved or our kids ‘s lives will be filled with unneeded diseases and wellness complications due to hapless wellness and eating wonts. We will write a custom essay sample on Childhood Obesity In United States Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Obesity plays a immense portion in the lifting population worldwide. Harmonizing to the Center of Diseases Control and Prevention childhood fleshiness has more than tripled in the last 30 old ages. ( Center of Disease Control and Prevention, 2012 ) Fleshiness can take to shorter life span, depression, figure of diseases and other physical and psychological jobs. There can be many factors are involved that can act upon childhood fleshiness. Cultures, environmental factors, life style ‘s picks can all play in the function of raising the population of childhood fleshiness in United States. It is of import to halt the tendency and give the following coevals of kids a healthy start in life. Who can the universe bend to educate our society in the right nutrients to eat, and physical activities so that the job of childhood fleshiness is corrected? It is true that kids in the United States are in problem in many ways. Of class, there are a batch of dissensions of precisely what all the jobs are, and even more dissension on how to work out the jobs of childhood fleshiness in United States. Many parents in United States do n’t cognize what nutrient to function their kids, and physical activities for their kids. Because the parent does n’t cognize what nutrient is healthiest, they provided their kids with nutrient that are non healthy for them. Who is precisely the incrimination for childhood fleshiness in United States? Parents must larn the right nutrients, and physical activities to assist cut down childhood fleshiness. Parents can act upon what their kids eat. Everyone is born with a sweet tooth and a salty one, but they must larn to bask other gustatory sensations. If parents are to protect their kids from fleshiness, they must look beyond the place, and their kids ‘s schools. When kids are introduced nutr itionary nutrients early in their lives, they tend to larn to eat smart. That ‘s why it is of import for kids to larn how to take nutrients before come ining school. Childhood fleshiness has become a turning epidemic and some may believe that the parents are the incrimination. Lee Haney stated, â€Å" More than of all time, we as parents, and a state must make something about the growing of fleshiness in our kids. â€Å" ( Haney ) Environmental factors, civilization, and life can play a immense portion in the lifting population of fleshiness worldwide. Obesity leads to a figure of diseases, shortens life span, depression, and a figure of other physical and psychological jobs. It is of import that grownups halt the tendency and give the following coevals of kids a healthier start in life. This is an issue that is non merely for persons, but it a job that affects society. The inquiry in who is the incrimination? Fleshiness is non-discriminating among male childs and misss and occurs in all ages, races, and cultural groups. Harmonizing to the Institute of Medicine, parents ( defined loosely to include primary health professionals ) have a profound influence on kids by advancing certain values and attitudes, by honoring or reenforcing specific behaviours, and by functioning as function theoretical accounts. These values start during the first hear of life, and can advance healthy life styles for kids if implemented right by parents. ( 2004 ) . Some blame genetic sciences for childhood fleshiness in United States. Children are more likely to go fleshy if their parents are corpulent. It is contributed through cistrons or household life styles and behaviours? Children are either feed excessively much nutrient, or non plenty nutrient? Is it possible that dietetic factors during the babyhood phases of kid development set the phase for future fleshiness? Birch states that fat cells ( adipose tissue ) develop in an baby during gestation and are distributed during childhood. Additionally, he states that one time the adipose tissue develops in the organic structure, it remains there for life. ( Birch, 2006 ) A kid ‘s eating wont is a combination of the nutrient and parts ‘ sizes that the kids are offered. Children depend on their parents and health professionals to supply their day-to-day nutrient consumption. With this being said, it is clip for parents and health professionals to get down going a positive function theoretical account in the kids ‘s life. It is clip now for parents and health professionals to be responsible for what and how much is being feed to kids. There are many more on the job parents working now than in the yesteryear, this has cause many parent s to turn to fast nutrients. A kid is exposed to over 40,000 fast nutrient advertizements yearly. These advertizements influence the nutrient picks of kids and striplings, and the nutrient is likely position while watching telecasting. Consumptions of fast nutrient among kids and striplings increased significantly from 1998-2001. ( Bowman, S.A, Gortmaker, S.L. , Ebbeling, C.B. , Pereira, M.A. , A ; Ludwig, D.S. , 2004 ) Parents and child care givers are responsible for the nutrients that are selected to given at meal clip, and at snack clip. Many old ages ago more grownups turn to cooking a nutritionary repast daily. Timess have truly changed. Unfortunately many parents today face many challenges, such as non holding adequate clip to fix, and storage infinite many grownup non being able to supply healthy formulas, which makes it difficult to cook homemade repasts of old ages ago. With these jobs, no admiration many parents are trusting on fast nutrients, procedure nutrients and frozen nutrients. Parents and child care givers are responsible for the nutrients that are selected to be given at meal clip, and at snack clip. Many old ages ago, more grownups turned to cook a nutritionary repast daily. Timess have truly changed. Unfortunately, many parents today face many challenges, such as non holding adequate clip to fix, and storage infinite many grownups non being able to supply healthy formulas, which makes it difficult to cook homemade repasts of old ages ago. With these jobs, no admiration, many parents are trusting on fast nutrients, procedure nutrients and frozen nutrients. Many grownups depend on the readily available fast nutrient to feed their kids. Yes, it is easier to merely run by the thrust in eating house on your manner place from work, but it is more educational and alimentary to do the same meat at place. Children must larn about utilizing good nutrient picks. Food provider ‘s gives people what they want. In certain vicinities, fast nutrient is more accessible than healthier nutrient. Sometimes populating in a vicinity where fast-food eating houses are more accessible than food market shops straight affects how the kids eat. Peoples who live in nutrient piece of lands with greater handiness to fast-food eating houses than food market shops had higher rates of diet -related decease. ( Gallagher, 2006 ) One may experience that school tiffin plans are an of import beginning of day-to-day nutriment. This is particularly of import for kids that come from a low income place, where there are jobs with nutrient. Most schools provide kids with two repasts a twenty-four hours. These repasts are breakfast, and tiffin. Some kids are in drawn-out twenty-four hours plans where they are offered a bite, and sometimes supper. These schools are have bound Calories and saturated fats in the school tiffins, more that approximately 80 per centum of schools autumn to me these ordinances. Are these plans the cause of childhood fleshiness? It is difficult to state. Is it the peddling machines and competitory nutrient higher class schools? Some higher-grade schools offer school tiffin, every bit good as different nutrients on a separate nutrient line, and peddling machines. With the usage of these machines, or buying nutrient from the competitory line of nutrient this nutrient, pupils can buy extra nutrient to eat so the needed sum that each pupil is provided. Possibly these are the nutrients that are doing fleshiness? Could it be that there is excessively small physical instruction offered for the kids day-to-day life? Schools in United States offer physical instruction. Each kid is provided physical instruction at least one time a hebdomad. Each kid besides has physical instruction provide daily through the deferral, better known as kid ‘s drama. Each kid has limited deferral chances. Parent can seek to alter some of the things, to assist extinguish childhood fleshiness. It is really tough to learn a immature adolescent to listen to their organic structures, to eat when they are hungry. Lasting behavior alterations can non be done from the exterior. This is a alteration that has to be done internal. This can go a long-time conflict. This is why it ‘s really of import to larn the nutrients to eat, and the right physical exercising that can be usage to extinguish childhood fleshiness. There is a great demand to rectify childhood fleshiness. It is non every bit simple as inquiring, who is the incrimination for childhood fleshiness? There are many factors involved. What we need is instruction and information. United States is filled with people who are over worked, over scheduled, of activates. This is the sort of job that can non be solved nightlong. It is of import to derive control of the issue of childhood fleshiness ; this is non an person job, but a job that affects many people in United States. Who is the incrimination, everyone in United States plays a portion in the incrimination? Everyone must pull off their consumption and supervise the nutrient that enters the organic structure. The epidemic of childhood fleshiness is planetary. The effects can be long-run or even life threatening. If United States looked at the issue of childhood fleshiness, and seek to undertake it on as a society, instead than looking at it as who is the incrimination, we can if non extinguish, set a great large dent in the turning population of childhood fleshiness in United States. It can be solved. So, allow ‘s move. How to cite Childhood Obesity In United States Education Essay, Essay examples

Collected Against Scammers Plutus Payroll â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Collected Against Scammers Plutus Payroll? Answer: Introducation The information that is asked for in the first question is that how the tax scam was executed by the Plutus Payroll, a payroll administration company. The story as suspected by the Federal Police of Australia is that the entire fraud was carried out under the veal of Pay As You Go scheme by further holding back the tax which it owed to the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). The entire fraudulent activity ran for an entire year, right from June 2016 till May 2017 and pulled out a scam of approx $165 million[1]. Plutus Payroll essentially provided services to administer payroll for customers who generally are large corporate employers. Plutus used to collect the funds from these companies for the payment of wages and salaries. The primary task of Plutus was to collect the funds and pay the Pay As You Go contributions to the ATO. But the scammers in order to carry out the scam successfully set up small scale companies which disguised their conspiracy. Plutus would pose as funding the col lections in aproper way and then forwarding the PAYG tax to the Australian Taxation Office but would keep a part of the money illegally. They would do so with the help of false bank accounts and other documents. The members majorly involved in the scam are Michael Cranston, (ATO Deputy Commissioner); Adam Cranston (son of Michael); Lauren Cranston (Daughter of Michael); Dev Menon (Tax lawyer); Jason Onley (business partner of Adam Cranston); Simon Anquetil (Former chairman and Chief Executive officer of Plutus)[2]. The Plutus payroll scam is one of the biggest white collar frauds that had occurred in the history of Australia. The case as observed has involved a senior level tax official of the Australian Taxation Office and his family and also resulted in a number of police arrests and the legal seizure of a huge list of luxury goods, which also included sports cars and light planes. The scam was executed in a very subtle way. Plutus received funds from legitimate clients in order to process or administer their payroll. This money was in turn transferred to small tier companies comprising of anti socials who were especially hired in order to run these sub contracted companies which acted as a cover for the fraud. The directors of these companies were known as straw directors. These people knew nothing about controlling or managing business but worked for a share in the illegally earned scam money. Now the tax obligations that were required to be paid by the means of Pay As You Go to the Austral ian Taxation Office were not paid. Investigations conducted later found out that only a part of the tax obligations were paid. The remaining money of there was no account was allegedly ripped off by the scammers and distributed through a critical number of companies and firms for their own illegal benefits.[3] the son of Michael Cranston and Simon Anquetil, a tech entrepreneur[4]. The question that has been asked is that what are the evidence that were collected against the scammers of Plutus Payroll. Police investigations came up with evidence that a fake trust account was created in order to support the scam. It was found out that the two masterminds of the scam were Adam Cranston and Jay Onley. The responsibility of the fake trust account though was controlled by Chalabian, who still remains without any charge. In a report presented by the investigating officer it has been mentioned that the fake trust account funds worth millions and the other two major players of the scam Daniel Rostankovski and Daniel Hausman blackmailed their co-conspirators for extra share. In October, police investigators came upon an evidence as Adam Cranston discussed how one of the handful number of small tier companies, the conspirators did channel money for the scam transferred $2.745 million to the trust account[5] . As a forensic investigator the proceedings has to be done seriously.[6] The proceedings of the case should match with APES 215, that is it should comply with certain laid down codes like the Code of Conduct and that there should be an expert witness. The two final steps would be that re-checking whether all the investigation has been done without any kind of biasness that is the case has been investigated from a neutral point of view. As it is found in this study there are a handful of people who still remain without any charge, so the second step would be sincere effort for collection of enough evidence so that these people could be found guilty. References Evans, Michael, How The Alleged $165 Million Tax Scam Worked (2017) The Sydney Morning Herald https://www.smh.com.au/national/how-the-alleged-165-million-tax-scam-worked-20170518-gw7wuz.html Plutus Payroll Clients And Staff Fell For Plausible Business Model Fairy Tales (2017) Theregister.co.uk https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/05/19/plutus_payroll_fallout/ Australia, Business, What We Know About Plutus Payroll, The Company Allegedly At The Centre Of Australia's Biggest Tax Fraud (2017) Business Insider https://www.businessinsider.com/what-we-know-about-plutus-payroll-the-company-allegedly-at-the-centre-of-australias-biggest-tax-fraud-2017-5?IR=T Senior Manager From Payroll Company Embroiled In Tax Fraud Speaks Out (2017) Mail Online https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4521228/Plutus-Payroll-Australia-manager-speaks-tax-fraud.html Senior Manager From Payroll Company Embroiled In Tax Fraud Speaks Out (2017) Mail Online https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4521228/Plutus-Payroll-Australia-manager-speaks-tax-fraud.html (2017) https://www.apesb.org.au/uploads/standards/apesb_standards/13092014103232p1.pdf [1] Michael Evans, How The Alleged $165 Million Tax Scam Worked (2017) The Sydney Morning Herald https://www.smh.com.au/national/how-the-alleged-165-million-tax-scam-worked-20170518-gw7wuz.html. [2] Plutus Payroll Clients And Staff Fell For Plausible Business Model Fairy Tales (2017) Theregister.co.uk https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/05/19/plutus_payroll_fallout/. [3] Business Australia, What We Know About Plutus Payroll, The Company Allegedly At The Centre Of Australia's Biggest Tax Fraud (2017) Business Insider https://www.businessinsider.com/what-we-know-about-plutus-payroll-the-company-allegedly-at-the-centre-of-australias-biggest-tax-fraud-2017-5?IR=T. [4] Senior Manager From Payroll Company Embroiled In Tax Fraud Speaks Out (2017) Mail Online https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4521228/Plutus-Payroll-Australia-manager-speaks-tax-fraud.html. [5] Ben Butler and Ben Butler, Lawyers Caught Up In Fraud Sting (2017) Theaustralian.com.au https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/plutus-scam-lawyers-caught-up-in-payroll-fraud-sting/news-story/22f9df1654d0988b22e24ddf33d94504. [6] (2017) https://www.apesb.org.au/uploads/standards/apesb_standards/13092014103232p1.pdf.

20 Dissertation Topics in Accounting and Finance

20 Dissertation Topics in Accounting and Finance Through the years, there have been great finance and accounting stories from i taking down the mafia to how individual accountants have doubled up as excellent global inventors. Therefore, writing a dissertation on the field of finance and accounting can be considered as a truly rewarding venture since you one can juxtapose technical accounting concepts with fascinating real-life case studies. But to kick-start the writing process, it is important to understand the concept of financial accounting in order to come up with really interesting subjects to discuss. Here, we will endeavor the concepts behind finance and accounting and then provide an outline of dissertation topics in accounting and finance. Finance is the professional concept that covers the raising of funds and how they are invested by a business while accounting focuses on collating enough information that helps business owners and investors make more well-thought-out decisions. 20 Captivating Topics for a Dissertation in Accounting and Finance Exploring the Meaning of Accounting and the Role of Language in Its Formation The Origins of the Terms Finance and Accounting and their Use in Modern Times The Role of Luca Pacioli in Promoting the Field of Financial Accounting Accounting in Ancient Rome and its Role in Shaping Modern Financial Institutions The Role of Financial Accounting in Developing Business Strategies Understanding the Importance of Financial Statements to Corporate Accounting Exploring the Concept of Income Statement and Its Correlation with Financial Statements How the Practice of Societates Publicanorum Set the Foundation for Share Markets The Stock Market Structure and the 1602 Dutch Indian Trade Company Agreement The Accounting Profession and the Need for setting International Standards of Practice The Role of Accounting and Finance in Societal Building Exploring the Different Fields of Financial Accounting and Their Implementation Exploring the Role of Forensic Accounting in Law Enforcement Forensic Accounting, RICO Laws and the 19th Century Criminal Justice System. The Role of Mathematics in Developing Ancient Accounting and Finance Practices The History of the Certification Primary Accounting Exam and Its Role in Building Financial Institutions Finance and Accounting in Ancient Mesopotamia and Its Influence in Modern Times Exploring the Relationship between Financial Accounting and Economic Growth Accounting and Financial Reporting issues for Financial Institutions Accounting Standards and Practices of Financial Institutions in the Western World These are some of the captivating topics we have come up with that can help give you a head start in writing your dissertation in accounting and finance. These 20 dissertation accounting and finance topics are just the tip of the iceberg. To give an example of   how to go about writing a dissertation, a topic from this list will be developed in the paragraphs below. It is also written to serve as a tutorial for writing your dissertation. Sample Essay on the Accounting in Ancient Rome and its Role in Shaping Modern Financial Institutions The question of how financial values and practices have been passed down from generation to generation and its effects on the financial and accounting institutions of the modern world have been a bone of contention among scholars since the 19th century. My dissertation will focus on tracing the parallels between ancient financial accounting practices and modern financial standards and I intend to do this with the use of facts and critical analysis. Although traces of bookkeeping activities were first discovered in Mesopotamia, exact financial and accounting activities became commonplace and the established norm of keeping track of funds and expenditure began officially in Ancient Rome circa 63 BC. These practices were passed down by historians and mathematicians through methods that will be explored in the following paragraphs. Two Roman historians- Suetonius and Cassius Dio- recorded the first real financial accounting procedure in 23 BC. This procedure was accomplished by Emperor Augustus who kept detailed information on the Republic’s financial statement for public use. The Emperor listed the Rome’s sources of income as well as its expenditures in ‘The Deeds of the Divine Augustus’ which set the pace for multiple financial concepts such as; trial balances, financial statement and income statement. This practice of accountability was quickly picked up by the Roman army to account for its expenditure and revenue in other words to help generals and future emperors make informed decisions on matters of war. This, along with, other physical aspects, partly became a reason of the Republic being more efficient than its enemies in waging wars and managing supplies. In 1494, Italy- which traced its origins to the people of Ancient Rome- became the home of Luca Pacioli who has been credited as the father of modern accounting. The mathematician believed in the importance of keeping financial statements to make better decisions and went on to publish the first ever book on financial accounting’ ‘Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita.’ And for the first time, accounting wisdom could easily be passed from one region to another through text which eliminated the limitations of using word of mouth. This act basically ensured that accounting techniques could both be taught across all areas of Europe and the Western world with ease. Consequently, the world first official bank also was established in Siena, one of the Roman cities of old. The Monte de Paschi di Siena was built in 1942 to cater to the financial needs of the city of Siena, and the success of this institution became the benchmark for financial and accounting institutes across the western world. Through the stated examples, one can clearly see the influence of ancient Roman financial practices approximately 2000 years ago and the far-reaching effects these practices had on setting a financial, educational and accounting basis for future generations to come. So here we are at the end of the second tutorial of the dissertation on accounting and finance topics written for your benefit. For further reading, do not hesitate to check these articles containing ten facts for a dissertation on finance and accounting as well as receive tips on writing a dissertation on finance and accounting. References: Accounting and Business Research. Special issue on: â€Å"The Societal Relevance of Management Accounting†. (2012). The British Accounting Review, 44(2), p.130. Ezeudu, M. (2016). Fighting Financial Crime in the Global Economic Crisis. Kings Law Journal, 27(2), pp.279-281. DvoÃ…â„¢kov, D. (2009). Historical Costs versus Fair Value Measurement in Financial Accounting. European Financial and Accounting Journal, pg.6-18. Sunder, S. (2016). Rethinking Financial Reporting: Standards, Norms and Institutions. Foundations and Trends ® in Accounting, 11(1-2), pp.1-118. Ã…  oljakov, L. (2012). Strategic Management Accounting Development during Last 30 Years. European Financial and Accounting Journal, 2012(2), pp.24-35. Pomeranz, F. (1997). The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions: An important regulatory debut. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 6(1), pp.123-130. Zhang, X. and Chen, D. (2013). The Influence of Financial Industry Cluster on Economic Growth: Three Economic Zones in China. Accounting and Finance Research, 2(4).

Compounds with Heart

Compounds with Heart Compounds with Heart Compounds with Heart By Mark Nichol Heart appears as the first element in a couple dozen compounds, but the nouns are divided between open compounds (like â€Å"heart attack†) and closed compounds (as in the case of heartache), and a couple of adjectives are hyphenated (as with heart-healthy). Is there any method to the madness for these differing styles? Generally, terms associated literally with the central component of the circulatory system are closed compounds, while those with figurative meanings are open. Compounds having to do with the blood-pumping organ include â€Å"heart attack,† â€Å"heart disease,† and â€Å"heart rate.† Heartbeat is an exception in form, but the term is also used figuratively, as in â€Å"I’d go in a heartbeat† to refer to how quickly one would travel somewhere if given the chance. The closed compound heartburn, meanwhile, refers to a condition of the body, but it’s a colloquial term for indigestion that has nothing to do with the heart. (The pain is centered in the esophagus, which is close to the heart.) Nonliteral usage includes numerous nouns referring to love and its complications, including heartache and heartthrob, as well as adjectives for emotions surrounding positive feelings, such as heartfelt and heartwarming, that are closed. The only one of these words that has multiple part-of-speech variations is heartbreak: Heartbreaker refers to someone who habitually causes heartbreak, and a victim of such a person is heartbroken, though this emotion is also associated with disappointment (â€Å"She was heartbroken about not getting the job†) or betrayal (â€Å"Smith’s failure to support him left him feeling heartbroken†); the adjectival form is heartbreaking and the adverbial form is heartbreakingly. Other closed compounds allude to the heart as the core of the body, as in heartland to refer to the central part of a landmass, with a connotation that the region represents industriousness or other traditional values, and heartwood, which denotes the core of a tree. (The heartwood of a pine tree is called heart pine.) A type of fruit is called heart cherry, based on its physical resemblance to the stylized image of a heart, and a similarly shaped shellfish is called a heart cockle. Besides the adjective heart-healthy, the only hyphenated compound in which heart is the first element is the rarely used adjective heart-free, to refer to someone who is not in love and thus is less likely to become heartbroken. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'tsYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other AcclamationsPersonification vs. Anthropomorphism

The State of American Employment Research Paper

The State of American Employment - Research Paper Example The State of American Employment This shows somehow a stable state of the economy; however, further analysis of the statistics could portray otherwise. Motoko (par 3); Shah & Lee (par 10) say that politicians could term such statistics as weak and troubling because they could assert that despite an increase in employment opportunities, the growth in job market cannot match the increasing number of those seeking jobs hence an increase in the unemployed. These small changes are also described by Barro (par 1) as dismal in terms of economic recovery. The State of American Employment Age and Student Debt The teenagers in the age group of 16 to 19 years recorded an unemployment rate of 23.7% which did not change from the previous month. This was remarkably higher than that of adult males who had an employment rate of 7.3% and 7.2% recorded for adult females. This clearly shows that with an increase in age, there is greater job stability. Adults have job experience as compared to their inexperienced teenagers. There was n o change in the unemployment rate among the teenagers between 16 to 19 years of age; this was similar to adult males where the rate stood at 7.3% while the females recorded an increase of 0.2% (US Bureau of Statistics) The youths as consequence of unemployment are finding it hard to sustain themselves. Rampell (par 1) states that in this generation, the future of the young looks bleak. She says only one out of six young people work full time. Most of the young are struggling to put up with their parents; three out of five live with their parents. 73% of young people believe they need more education to find a better career, but only half of this percentage confirms they will enroll in the near future. Among the unemployed youths recent graduates are included. Weisman (par 6) in his article â€Å"53% of recent grads are underemployed or Jobless† says that, recent graduates are likely to work as waiters, waitress, bartenders, and food service helpers than as engineers, doctors, physicists, or mathematicians. However, most graduates will not take these jobs because the college degree is very expensive and students accumulate debts during the course of their studies. Re-servicing these loans is much harder when you are working for low salaries. Secondly, when college graduates ta ke up a low-paid or low-skill job, they're probably taking the place of a less educated worker. Krugman (par 11) argues that the debt burden is not the main problem facing the youths but it is, rather, the lack of jobs, which is preventing many graduates from getting started on their working lives. Gender and Employment Stability Analysis based on gender show that women have a slight edge over the males when it comes to job stability. The unemployment rate for women 16 years and over was 7.7% up by 0.2% from the previous month, while the rate for the males in the same age group was recorded as 8.0% and showed no change from the previous month. When the age is raised to 20 and above, the unemployment rate for women is 7.2 up by 0.2% from the previous month, while the men have an unemployment rate of 7.3% which had no change from the previous month. This statistics clearly indicate that the job stability between sexes is almost becoming equal. Both the young Males and females suffer f rom a high rate of unemployment as expressed by the fact that when the age is increased from 16 to 20 the unemployment goes down by 0.5% for females and 0.7% for

Group leadership project reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Group leadership project reflection - Essay Example Then the similarities and differences between them will be illustrated, with special highlight on the importance of each towards the success of a team. The influence of a leader on a follower and what a follower expects from a leader will also be discussed. Furthermore, the factors which make a good leader will be dissected and then the problems leaders or followers might face in certain situations. What makes a leader efficient and how does he achieve these goals? What makes a follower efficient and what makes it easy for him to be so? Focus will be placed upon these questions as on how this efficiency is developed in each. Leadership and its many styles and forms will also be discussed and the effect of these varying styles upon a follower and his efficiency. This will all be done so collectively and in general but by focusing on the theme of each week, i.e. leadership in women, the power and importance of charismatic leadership, leadership challenges and failures, leadership trust and ethics, leading high technology organizations and global leadership and influence, and adapting on what has been learnt from each week. What is a leader and what is a follower? There can be a great number of definitions for both a leader and a follower. The simplest of course is that a leader is someone that instructs and follower is someone that follows these instructions. But it isn’t quite as simple as that because a soldier who follows the instructions of a general cannot strictly be considered a follower and a teacher who instructs a student on his homework cannot strictly be considered a leader. What then is the precise definition of each? According to Brosnahan (1998, stated in Lau 2000, pg 212) the definition of a leader and leadership vary from people to people but he goes on to define a leader broadly as, ‘†¦ a somewhat paternal figure, autocratic, wise and knowing, able to make hard decisions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Gary Yukl (2006) defines leadership as â⠂¬Å"the course of having an influence on others to comprehend and be in agreement about what requires to be done and how it should be done, and the progression of facilitating individual and collective efforts to achieve shared objectives† (p. 8). Yet others define leadership as â€Å"a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.† Peter Northouse (2007). What does this actually signify? It implies that there is far more to a leader than just giving out instructions. A leader is someone who does not just give out instructions but rather someone directs and guides a specific group of people towards doing something and someone who unites the aims and intentions of that group such that they reach their own personal goals as well as the specific common goal. What then is a follower or followership? The former is a term very commonly used and given little thought. The latter is a term rarely heard and not fully understood. This is because ‘follower’ is a devalued term, where most people consider it as blindly following instructions. In truth, there can be no leader without a follower and good followership is what drives a team towards its ultimate goal. Once a far neglected area of research, research is now being conducted into the role and importance of a follower and followership skills are being developed just as leadership skill would be. Followership can be defined as ‘†¦ the ability to effectively follow the directives and support the efforts of a leader to

Three Perspectives on Education Functionalist Conflict and Symbolic

Three Perspectives on Education Functionalist Conflict and Symbolic The basis of todays theoretical perspectives provides sociologists with a philosophical position for asking certain kinds of questions about society and the people that occupy it. The three primary perspectives are functionalist, conflict, and interactionist. These three theories are very relative to education and the whole learning process. These different perspectives allow sociologists the ability to explain how society influences people and their actions. Each perspective uniquely conceptualizes society, social forces, and human behavior. The functionalist perspective, also known as functionalism, states that each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to societys functioning as a whole. The government, or state, provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. The family is dependent upon the school to help children grow up to have good jobs so that they can raise and support their own families. With this being said, the children become law-abiding and taxpaying citizens, who in turn support the state. The parts of society produce order, stability, and productivity. If something goes wrong, the parts of society then must adapt to recapture a new order, stability, and productivity. For example, the financial recession we are in right now, with the high rates of unemployment and inflation, social programs and their budgets are usually cut back because funding isnt available. Families end up having to cut back on their spending an d budget as well just to make ends meet. Functionalists believe that society is held together by social consensus and work together to achieve what is best for society as a whole. The functionalist perspective was popular during the 1940s and 1950s among American sociologist. American functionalists focused on discovering the functions of human behavior and European functionalists focused on explaining the inner workings of social order. Sociologist Robert Merton, who was born in 1910, divided human functions into two different types: manifest functions are those that are intentional and obvious and latent functions are those that are unintentional and not obvious. For example, my manifest function of attending my church is to worship, receive the word, and help children, but my latent function may be to help those children learn to discern religious and personal views. Manifest functions are apparent, while the latent functions have a more sociological approach. A sociological approach in functionalism is the consideration of the relationship between the functions of smaller parts and the functions of the whole. Functionalism has received criticism for neglecting the negative functions of something such as abuse. Critics claim that the perspective justifies the status quo and complacency on the part of societys members. Functionalism does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment, even when such change may benefit them. Instead, functionalism sees active social change as undesirable because the various parts of society will compensate naturally for any problems that may arise. Karl Marxs writings on class struggles sparked the conflict perspective. The conflict perspective presents society in a different light than do the functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspectives. The conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. Unlike functionalists who defend the status quo, avoid social change, and believe people cooperate to effect social order, conflict theorists challenge the status quo, encourage social change, and believe rich and powerful people force social order on the poor and the less fortunate. American sociologists in the 1940s and 1950s generally ignored the conflict perspective in favor of the functionalist, the 1960s saw American sociologists gain interest in conflict theory. They also expanded Marxs idea that the key conflict in society was strictly economic. Today, conflict theorists find social conflict between any groups in which the potential for inequality exists such as race, gender, religion, political views, and economic stance, etc. Conflict theorists note that unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas, causing them to compete against one another. This constant competition between groups forms the basis for the ever-changing nature of society. Critics of the conflict perspective point out its negative view of society. The theory attributes humanitarian efforts, altruism, democracy, civil rights, and other positive aspects of society to capitalistic designs to control the masses, not to inherent interests in preserving society and social order. The symbolic interactionist perspective, directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other. Although symbolic interactionist perspective traces its origins to Max Webers assertion that individuals act according to their interpretation of the meaning of their world, the American philosopher George H. Mead (1863-1931) introduced this perspective to American sociology in the 1920s. According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols. Verbal conversations, in which spoken words serve as the predominant symbols, make this subjective interpretation very evident. The words have a certain meaning for the sender, and, during effective communication, they hopefully have the same meaning for the receiver. Words are not static things; they require intention and interpretation. Conversation is an interaction of symbols between individuals who constantly interpret the world around them. Of course, anything can serve as a symbol as long as it refers to something beyond itself. Written music serves as an example. The black dots and lines become more than just marks on the page; they refer to notes organized in such a way to make music. Symbolic interactionists give serious thought to how people act, and then seek to determine what meanings individuals assign to their own actions and symbols. Applying symbolic interactionist perspective to the American institution of marriage, symbols may include wedding bands, vows of life-long commitment, a white bridal dress, a wedding cake, a Church ceremony, and flowers and music. American society attaches general meanings to these symbols, but individuals also maintain their own perceptions of what these and other symbols mean. For example, one of the spouses may see their circular wedding rings as symbolizing everlasting love, while the other may see them as a financial expense. Critics claim that the symbolic interactionist perspective neglects the macro level of social interpretation or the big picture. In other words, symbolic interactionists may miss the larger issues of society by focusing too closely on the trees or the size of the diamond in the wedding ring rather than the forest or the quality of the marriage. The perspective also receives criticism for slighting the influence of social forces and institutions on individual interactions. All of these perspectives have valid points as well as constructive criticism that holds value. The one perspective that sticks out to me is the conflict perspective; to me this perspective is real. I think being able to identify the many things that are wrong with our society today, makes the blows less painful when something goes wrong. The conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society. With this being said the conflict perspective can also be viewed in a positive light. Someone learning about this perspective their eyes could be opened up to many different issues that they might not necessarily experience.

Hinduism and Festival

Many festivals are celebrated in India. Diwali Is the most Important festival of India. It is a festival of Hindus but everyone participates in it. It is called Deepawali also. This festival falls in October or in the first week of November. When Lord Rama killed the Ravana-symbol of sin-and returned to Ayodhya, people expressed their Joy and welcomed Lord Rama's return by lightening their houses. On this day everyone looks happy and they greet one another. Children buy toys and crackers.Shops and houses are white washed. At night people worship Lakshmi- Goodess of wealth. Tasty dishes are cooked. Some people gamble and drink too much on this festival which Is a social evil. Diwali is a nice festival and such bad things- should not be attached with it. It should bring happiness, prosperity and progress to all of us. We should send our good wishes to our friends on this day. Many festivals are celebrated In India. Diwali Is the most Important festival of India.It he Ravana-symbol of s in-and returned to Ayodhya, people expressed their joy and Many festivals are celebrated in India. Diwali is the most important festival of India. It Is a festival of Hindus but everyone participates In It. It Is called Deepawall also. This festival falls In October or In the first week of November. When Lord Rama killed 1 OF2 crackers. snops ana nouses are wnlte wasnea At nlgnt people worsnlp La Some people gamble and drink too much on this festival which is a social evil. Diwali

Project Management and Monitoring

Monitoring is the regular observation and recording of activities taking place in a project or programme. It is a process of routinely gathering information on all aspects of the project. To monitor is to check on how project activities are progressing. It is observation; – systematic and purposeful observation. Monitoring also involves giving feedback about the progress of the project to the donors, implementers and beneficiaries of the project. Reporting enables the gathered information to be used in making decisions for improving project performance.Monitoring is the systematic collection and analysis of information as a project progresses. It is aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of a project or organisation. It is based on targets set and activities planned during the planning phases of work. It helps to keep the work on track, and can let management know when things are going wrong. If done properly, it is an invaluable tool for good management, and it p rovides a useful base for evaluation.It enables you to determine whether the resources you have available are sufficient and are being well used, whether the capacity you have is sufficient and appropriate, and whether you are doing what you planned to do Purpose of Monitoring: Monitoring is very important in project planning and implementation. It is like watching where you are going while riding a bicycle; you can adjust as you go along and ensure that you are on the right track. Monitoring provides information that will be useful in: Analyzing the situation in the community and its project; †¢ Determining whether the inputs in the project are well utilized; †¢ Identifying problems facing the community or project and finding solutions; †¢ Ensuring all activities are carried out properly by the right people and in time;†¢ Using lessons from one project experience on to another; and †¢ Determining whether the way the project was planned is the most appropria te way of solving the problem at hand. Planning, Monitoring and Controlling Cycle: [pic] Importance of Monitoring: Monitoring is important because: it provides the only consolidated source of information showcasing project progress; †¢ it allows actors to learn from each other’s experiences, building on expertise and knowledge; †¢ it often generates (written) reports that contribute to transparency and accountability, and allows for lessons to be shared more easily; †¢ it reveals mistakes and offers paths for learning and improvements; †¢ it provides a basis for questioning and testing assumptions;†¢ it provides a means for agencies seeking to learn from their experiences and to incorporate them into policy and practice; †¢ it provides a way to assess the crucial link between implementers and beneficiaries on the ground and decision-makers; †¢ it adds to the retention and development of institutional memory; †¢ it provides a more robust basis for raising funds and influencing policy. WHY DO MONITORING? Monitoring enable you to check the â€Å"bottom line† (see Glossary of Terms) of development work: Not â€Å"are we making a profit? † but â€Å"are we making a difference? † Through monitoring and evaluation, you can: _ Review progress; _ Identify problems in planning and/or implementation; _ Make adjustments so that you are more likely to â€Å"make a difference†.In many organisations, â€Å"monitoring and evaluation† is something that that is seen as a donor requirement rather than a management tool. Donors are certainly entitled to know whether their money is being properly spent, and whether it is being well spent. But the primary (most important) use of monitoring and evaluation should be for the organisation or project itself to see how it is doing against objectives, whether it is having an impact, whether it is working efficiently, and to learn how to do it better. Plans a re essential but they are not set in concrete (totally fixed). If they are not working, or if the circumstances change, then plans need to change too.Monitoring and evaluation are both tools which help a project or organisation know when plans are not working, and when circumstances have changed. They give management the information it needs to make decisions about the project or organisation, about changes that are necessary in strategy or plans. Through this, the constants remain the pillars of the strategic framework: the problem analysis, the vision, and the values of the project or organisation. Everything else is negotiable. (See also the toolkit on strategic planning) Getting something wrong is not a crime. Failing to learn from past mistakes because you are not monitoring and evaluating, is.The effect of monitoring and evaluation can be seen in the following cycle. Note that you will monitor and adjust several times before you are ready to evaluate and replan. Monitoring inv olves: _ Establishing indicators (See Glossary of Terms) of efficiency, effectiveness and impact; _ Setting up systems to collect information relating to these indicators; _ Collecting and recording the information; _ Analysing the information; _ Using the information to inform day-to-day management. Monitoring is an internal function in any project or organisation. WHAT DO WE WANT TO KNOW? What we want to know is linked to what we think is important. In development work, what we think is important is linked to our values.Most work in civil society organisations is underpinned by a value framework. It is this framework that determines the standards of acceptability in the work we do. The central values on which most development work is built are: _ Serving the disadvantaged; _ Empowering the disadvantaged; _ Changing society, not just helping individuals; _ Sustainability; _ Efficient use of resources. So, the first thing we need to know is: Is what we are doing and how we are doing it meeting the requirements of these values? In order to answer this question, our monitoring and evaluation system must give us information about: _ Who is benefiting from what we do? How much are they benefiting? Are beneficiaries passive recipients or does the process enable them to have some control over their lives?_ Are there lessons in what we are doing that have a broader impact than just what is happening on our project? _ Can what we are doing be sustained in some way for the long-term, or will the impact of our work cease when we leave? _ Are we getting optimum outputs for the least possible amount of inputs? MONITORING When you design a monitoring system, you are taking a formative view point and establishing a system that will provide useful information on an ongoing basis so that you can improve what you do and how you do it. On the next page, you will find a suggested process for designing a monitoring system.For a case study of how an organisation went about designi ng a monitoring system, go to the section with examples, and the example given of designing a monitoring system. Monitoring DESIGNING A MONITORING SYSTEM Below is a step-by-step process you could use in order to design a monitoring system for your organisation or project. For a case study of how an organisation went about designing a monitoring system, go to examples. Step 1: At a workshop with appropriate staff and/or volunteers, and run by you or a consultant:_ Introduce the concepts of efficiency, effectiveness and impact (see Glossary of Terms). _ Explain that a monitoring system needs to cover all three. Generate a list of indicators for each of the three aspects. _ Clarify what variables (see Glossary of Terms) need to be linked. So, for example, do you want to be able to link the age of a teacher with his/her qualifications in order to answer the question: Are older teachers more or less likely to have higher qualifications? _ Clarify what information the project or organisat ion is already collecting. Step 2: Turn the input from the workshop into a brief for the questions your monitoring system must be able to answer. Depending on how complex your requirements are, and what your capacity is, you may decide to go for a computerised data base or a manual one.If you want to be able to link many variables across many cases (e. g. participants, schools, parent involvement, resources, urban/rural etc), you may need to go the computer route. If you have a few variables, you can probably do it manually. The important thing is to begin by knowing what variables you are interested in and to keep data on these variables. Linking and analysis can take place later. (These concepts are complicated. It will help you to read the case study in the examples section of the toolkit. ) From the workshop you will know what you want to monitor. You will have the indicators of efficiency, effectiveness and impact that have been prioritised.You will then choose the variables th at will help you answer the questions you think are important. So, for example, you might have an indicator of impact which is that â€Å"safer sex options are chosen† as an indicator that â€Å"young people are now making informed and mature lifestyle choices†. The variables that might affect the indicator include: _ Age _ Gender _ Religion _ Urban/rural _ Economic category _ Family environment _ Length of exposure to your project’s initiative _ Number of workshops attended. By keeping the right information you will be able to answer questions such as: _ Does age make a difference to the way our message is received? _ Does economic category i. e. o young people in richer areas respond better or worse to the message or does it make no difference?_ Does the number of workshops attended make a difference to the impact? Answers to these kinds of questions enable a project or organisation to make decisions about what they do and how they do it, to make informed chan ges to programmes, and to measure their impact and effectiveness. Answers to questions such as: _ Do more people attend sessions that are organised well in advance? _ Do more schools participate when there is no charge? _ Do more young people attend when sessions are over weekends or in the evenings? _ Does it cost less to run a workshop in the community, or to bring people to our training centre to run the workshop? nable the project or organisation to measure and improve their efficiency.Step 3: Decide how you will collect the information you need (see collecting information) and where it will be kept (on computer, in manual files). Step 4: Decide how often you will analyse the information – this means putting it together and trying to answer the questions you think are important. Step 5: Collect, analyse, report. PURPOSE OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION What development interventions make a difference? Is the project having the intended results? What can be done differently to better meet goals and objectives? These are the questions that monitoring and evaluation allow organizations to answer.Monitoring and evaluation are important management tools to track your progress and facilitate decision making. While some funders require some type of evaluative process, the greatest beneficiaries of an evaluation can be the community of people with whom your organization works. By closely examining your work, your organization can design programs and activities that are effective, efficient, and yield powerful results for the community. Definitions are as follows: Monitoring can be defined as a continuing function that aims primarily to provide the management and main stakeholders of an ongoing intervention with early indications of progress, or lack thereof, in the achievement of results.An ongoing intervention might be a project, program or other kind of support to an outcome. Monitoring helps organizations track achievements by a regular collection of informa tion to assist timely decision making, ensure accountability, and provide the basis for evaluation and learning. STRATEGIC QUESTIONS In conducting monitoring and evaluation efforts, the specific areas to consider will depend on the actual intervention, and its stated outcomes. Areas and examples of questions include: †¢ Relevance: Do the objectives and goals match the problems or needs that are being addressed?†¢ Efficiency: Is the project delivered in a timely and cost-effective manner? Effectiveness: To what extent does the intervention achieve its objectives? What are the supportive factors and obstacles encountered during the implementation? †¢ Impact: What happened as a result of the project? This may include intended and unintended positive and negative effects. †¢ Sustainability: Are there lasting benefits after the intervention is completed? COMMON TERMS Monitoring and evaluation take place at different levels. The following box defines the common terms w ith examples. INPUTS The financial, human, and material resources used for the development intervention. Technical Expertise Equipment Funds ACTIVITIES Actions taken or work performed.Training workshops conducted OUTPUTS The products, capital goods, and services that result from a development intervention. Number of people trained Number of workshops conducted OUTCOMES The likely or achieved short-term and medium-term effects or changes of an intervention’s outputs. Increased skills New employment opportunities IMPACTS The long-term consequences of the program, may be positive and negative effects. Improved standard of living STEP-BY-STEP: Planning for Monitoring and Evaluation Steps for designing a monitoring and evaluation system depend on what you are trying to monitor and evaluate. The following is an outline of some general steps you may ake in thinking through at the time of planning your activities:1. Identify who will be involved in the design, implementation, and rep orting. Engaging stakeholders helps ensure their perspectives are understood and feedback is incorporated. 2. Clarify scope, purpose, intended use, audience, and budget for evaluation. 3. Develop the questions to answer what you want to learn as a result of your work. 4. Select indicators. Indicators are meant to provide a clear means of measuring achievement, to help assess the performance, or to reflect changes. They can be either quantitative and/or qualitative. A process indicator is information that focuses on how a program is implemented. 5.Determine the data collection methods. Examples of methods are: document reviews, questionnaires, surveys, and interviews. 6. Analyze and synthesize the information you obtain. Review the information obtained to see if there are patterns or trends that emerge from the process. 7. Interpret these findings, provide feedback, and make recommendations. The process of analyzing data and understanding findings should provide you with recommendati ons about how to strengthen your work, as well as any mid-term adjustments you may need to make. 8. Communicate your findings and insights to stakeholders and decide how to use the results to strengthen your organization’s efforts.Monitoring and evaluation not only help organizations reflect and understand past performance, but serve as a guide for constructive changes during the period of implementation. Why have a detailed toolkit on monitoring and evaluation? If you don’t care about how well you are doing or about what impact you are having, why bother to do it at all? Monitoring and evaluation enable you to assess the quality and impact of your work, against your action plans and your strategic plan. In order for monitoring and evaluation to be really valuable, you do need to have planned well. Planning is dealt with in detail in other toolkits on this website. Who should use this toolkit?This toolkit should be useful to anyone working in an organisation or project who is concerned about the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the work of the project or organisation. When will this toolkit be useful? This toolkit will be useful when: _ You are setting up systems for data collection during the planning phases of a project or organisation; _ You want to analyse data collected through the monitoring process; _ You are concerned about how efficiently and how effectively you are working; _ You reach a stage in your project, or in the life of your organisation, when you think it would be useful to evaluate what impact the work is having; _ Donors ask for an external evaluation of your organisation and or work. DESIGNING A MONITORING SYSTEM – CASE STUDYWhat follows is a description of a process that a South African organisation called Puppets against AIDS went through in order to develop a monitoring system which would feed into monitoring and evaluation processes. The main work of the organisation is presenting workshopped plays and/or p uppet shows related to lifeskill issues, especially those lifeskills to do with sexuality, at schools, across the country. The organisation works with a range of age groups, with different â€Å"products† (scripts) being appropriate at different levels. Puppets against AIDS wanted to develop a monitoring and evaluation system that provided useful information on the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of its operations. To this end, it wanted to develop a data base that:Provided all the basic information the organisation needed about clients and services given; _ Produced reports that enabled the organisation to inform itself and other stakeholders, including donors, partners and even schools, about the impact of the work, and what affected the impact of the work. The organisation made a decision to go for a computerised monitoring system. Much of the day-to-day information needed by the organisation was already on a computerised data base (e. g. schools, regions, services pr ovided and so on), but the monitoring system would require a substantial upgrading and the development of data base software specific to the organisation’s needs.The organisation also made the decision to develop a system initially for a pilot project, but with the intention of extending it to all the work over time. This pilot project would work with about 60 schools, using different scripts each year, over a period of three years. In order to raise the money needed for this process, Puppets against AIDS needed some kind of a brief for what was required so that it could be costed. At an initial workshop with staff, facilitated by consultants, the staff generated a list of indicators for efficiency, effectiveness and impact, in relation to their work. These were the things staff wanted to know from the system about what they did, how they did it, and what difference it made. The terms were defined as follows:Efficiency Here what needed to be assessed was how quickly, how corr ectly, how cost effectively and with what use of resources the services of the organisation were offered. Much of this information was already collected and was contained in reports which reflected planning against achievement. It needed to be made â€Å"computer friendly†. Effectiveness Here what needed to be assessed was getting results in terms of the strategy and shorter-term impact. For example, were the puppet shows an effective means of communicating messages about sexuality? Again, this information was already being collected and just needed to be adapted to fit the computerised system.Impact Here what needed to be assessed was whether the strategy worked in that it had an impact on changing behaviour in individuals (in this case the students) and that that change in behaviour impacted positively on Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring and Evaluation by Janet Shapiro (email: [email  protected] co. za that happens when a donor insists on it, in fact, monitoring and e valuation are invaluable internal management tools. If you don’t assess how well you are doing against targets and indicators, you may go on using resources to no useful end, without changing the situation you have identified as a problem at all. Monitoring and evaluation enable you to make that assessment.